What is the Universe and how can we describe it (the description of our Universe)? Is it possible to describe the Reality around us? The Universe is everything that surrounds us - that in which we are immersed. We belong to the Universe and evolve with it. We observe, name and experience it. All in order to know the answer to the question: where did we come from and where are we going?
The universe is often defined as "the totality of existence", or everything that exists, everything that has existed, and everything that will exist. In fact, some philosophers and scientists support the inclusion of ideas and abstract concepts—such as mathematics and logic—in the definition of the universe. The word universe may also refer to concepts such as the cosmos, the world, and nature.
The word universe derives from the Old French word univers, which in turn derives from the Latin word universus, meaning 'combined into one'. The Latin word 'universum' was used by Cicero and later Latin authors in many of the same senses as the modern English word is used.
Synonyms
A term for universe among the ancient Greek philosophers from Pythagoras onwards was τὸ πᾶν (tò pân) 'the all', defined as all matter and all space, and τὸ ὅλον (tò hólon) 'all things', which did not necessarily include the void. Another synonym was ὁ κόσμος (ho kósmos) meaning 'the world, the cosmos'. Synonyms are also found in Latin authors (totum, mundus, natura) and survive in modern languages, e.g., the German words Das All, Weltall, and Natur for universe. The same synonyms are found in English, such as everything (as in the theory of everything), the cosmos (as in cosmology), the world (as in the many-worlds interpretation), and nature (as in natural laws or natural philosophy).
At the beginning of the 21st century, science has faced a new challenge. This challenge is at the same time culmination of a search that has been undertaken for thousands of years, questions that have been posed in every generation about the nature of space and time, the origin and direction of the development of mankind and the entire universe. In the course of the history of science and philosophy, hypotheses have been made, answers have been obtained, previous certainties have been challenged, and directions of inquiry have been verified.
Each successive grand theory gave a more complete picture, incorporating what had been proven before. Each successive one raised further questions. Eventually, it became more and more daring to think about the possibility of creating a single, complete, coherent and true description of our Reality. It seems that finally today we stand at the moment when we can make this attempt - a description of reality in the form of a single equation. This was the unattainable dream of Albert Einstein, who accomplished the integration of “time” and “space.”
What is the Universe? To answer this question, we need to be able to describe what our Universe is. So far, we have been able to describe physical phenomena on the macro scale using, among other things, the General Relativity. Micro-scale phenomena are described according to the Standard Model. We are not able to reconcile these two descriptions to one common description. Perhaps to achieve this, the scientific world will have to separate the concept of “space-time” into two areas that are coherent with each other: the area of complex time and the area of complex space.
Today our description of the Universe has its well-defined model. It may be incomplete, but we are constantly trying to make it more consistent. The limit of observability in the universe is set by cosmological horizons which limit — based on various physical constraints — the extent to which information can be obtained about various events in the universe.
The most famous horizon is the particle horizon which sets a limit on the precise distance that can be seen due to the finite age of the universe. Additional horizons are associated with the possible future extent of observations, larger than the particle horizon owing to the expansion of space, an "optical horizon" at the surface of last scattering, and associated horizons with the surface of last scattering for neutrinos and gravitational waves.
The universe is composed almost completely of dark energy, dark matter, and ordinary matter. Other contents are electromagnetic radiation (estimated to constitute from 0.005% to close to 0.01% of the total mass–energy of the universe) and antimatter.
The proportions of all types of matter and energy have changed over the history of the universe. The total amount of electromagnetic radiation generated within the universe has decreased by 1/2 in the past 2 billion years. Today, ordinary matter, which includes atoms, stars, galaxies, and life, accounts for only 4.9% of the contents of the universe. The present overall density of this type of matter is very low, roughly 4.5 × 10−31 grams per cubic centimeter, corresponding to a density of the order of only one proton for every four cubic meters of volume.
What is the Universe. Comparison of the contents of the universe today to 380,000 years after the Big Bang, as measured with 5 year WMAP data (from 2008). Due to rounding, the sum of these numbers is not 100%.
The nature of both dark energy and dark matter is unknown. Dark matter, a mysterious form of matter that has not yet been identified, accounts for 26.8% of the cosmic contents. Dark energy, which is the energy of empty space and is causing the expansion of the universe to accelerate, accounts for the remaining 68.3% of the contents.
Matter, dark matter, and dark energy are distributed homogeneously throughout the universe over length scales longer than 300 million light-years (ly) or so. However, over shorter length-scales, matter tends to clump hierarchically; many atoms are condensed into stars, most stars into galaxies, most galaxies into clusters, superclusters and, finally, large-scale galactic filaments.
The observable universe contains as many as an estimated 2 trillion galaxies and, overall, as many as an estimated 1024 stars – more stars (and earth-like planets) than all the grains of beach sand on planet Earth; but less than the total number of atoms estimated in the universe as 1082; and the estimated total number of stars in an inflationary universe (observed and unobserved), as 10100.
Typical galaxies range from dwarfs with as few as ten million (107) stars up to giants with one trillion (1012) stars. Between the larger structures are voids, which are typically 10–150 Mpc (33 million–490 million ly) in diameter. The Milky Way is in the Local Group of galaxies, which in turn is in the Laniakea Supercluster. This supercluster spans over 500 million light-years, while the Local Group spans over 10 million light-years. The universe also has vast regions of relative emptiness; the largest known void measures 1.8 billion ly (550 Mpc) across.
The description of the Universe has its well-defined model as you can see. It may be incomplete, but we are constantly trying to make it more coherent. A key element of it may now be the problem of time. If “time” once began, as the Big Bang theory assumes, then what came before “time”? Do we need to cling to the familiar concept of “time” to describe our Universe?
For our considerations, the problem of time is of fundamental importance. It seems that the modern scientific world has been using a single model of describing time for years unchanged and unmodified. However, if this generally accepted concept of “time” were incomplete, how would this affect the description of our Universe?
Imagine that the concept of “time” is undermined and negated. “Time” does not exist - it does not exist in the sense we know it today. Would the laws of physics then have to be redefined? How would the description of our Universe change? Would we then have to change our thinking about the entire reality around us? How would we describe reality by abandoning the currently accepted concept of time and replacing it with a different interpretation (what is time)? Perhaps Universe 2.0 would have to be created to better describe our Reality.
The problem of time begins with the creation of our Universe. Was there a “zero point” - the moment when our Universe began? Our experience of time teaches that something must always begin, continue and then must end. We are unable to imagine something that exists outside of time. Or something that can last and not last at the same time. Even the concept of eternity has a time dimension - to last, to last forever. All these terms - eternity, duration, beginning, end, simultaneity, etc., apply to our existing description of time. If we assume, according to the Big Bang theory, that the Universe had a beginning, we can also assume that then, in our conception, the passage of time began.
But if our universe did not have a beginning? Why then is our reality based on the impression that something “begins” and something “ends”. Why do we not have a sense of “eternity,” but are immersed in “time”? The question of whether time is eternal and existed before our universe has no resolution. Moreover - it seems that the answer is irrelevant to our question about the nature of time. That is not the issue here. What is more important is the interpretation of what elapses. Whether our concept of time is understood adequately and whether our description of time is complete.
Multiplication of changes is a certain analogy or interpretation of what happens from the point of view of the micro-world - the world of elementary particles in correlation to “ time ”. Of course, in our considerations we will apply our concept of “time” . Our Reality can only use the real part of our Complex description of time - this is our real time . This means that for our considerations, some extension of our “time” will be made. The description of this extension, will be expressed by means of the Complex Time Function , which refers to our concept of “ Time Quaternion ”.
Stan energetyczny jest pewną kombinacją Punktów Energetycznych , które współtworzą strukturę Przestrzeni Kwantowej . Energia, która jest podstawą do kreacji struktury Przestrzeni Kwantowej jest energią innego, nieznanego typu i nie ma nic wspólnego z Energia jaką znamy. Każdy Punkt Energetyczny w strukturze zawiera informację wyrażony poprzez energię nieznanego typu. Oznacza to, że stan energetyczny prowadzi do pewnego odwzorowania. Owo odwzorowanie, jest interpretacją, między innymi naszej bieżącej chwili - naszego Tu i naszego Teraz . Oczywiście to prosta interpretacja naszego pojęcia stanu energetycznego. Wymaga to jednak szerszego komentarza.
Uncertainty of matter refers directly to the Uncertainty Principle , which was proposed by Werner Heisenberg . Uncertainty of matter is a kind of extension of the Uncertainty Principle . Our Concept also refers to the Uncertainty Principle and tries to interpret it consistently to the ToE-Quantum Space . What does this Uncertainty consist of? What is the Uncertainty of matter? Before we go on to answer the questions posed, perhaps we should first look for our micro-world - the world of elementary particles .
Komentarze
Prześlij komentarz